Procurement performance is essential for ensuring the timely acquisition of quality goods and services while promoting cost efficiency and operational effectiveness, particularly in research institutions where procurement activities involve specialized and time-sensitive laboratory materials and equipment. Despite the importance of procurement, many public research institutions face challenges related to planning, supplier management, government procurement procedures, and the adoption of procurement technologies. This study examined the factors affecting procurement performance at Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Ethiopia. The study specifically investigated the effects of procurement planning, supplier management, government rules and procedures, and the use of technologies on procurement performance. A quantitative research approach was employed using descriptive and explanatory research designs. The target population consisted of 1,180 AHRI employees, from which a sample of 299 respondents was determined using Yamane's formula and selected through proportionate stratified sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, and 241 completed questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 80.6%. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Version 25 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. The findings revealed that procurement planning, supplier management, and the use of technologies have positive and statistically significant effects on procurement performance. Conversely, government rules and procedures were found to have a significant negative effect on procurement performance due to lengthy approval processes and bureaucratic requirements that delay procurement activities. The regression analysis further indicated that the independent variables jointly explain a substantial proportion of the variation in procurement performance at AHRI. The study concludes that strengthening procurement planning, improving supplier management practices, expanding the use of procurement technologies, and streamlining government procurement procedures would significantly enhance procurement performance at AHRI. Accordingly, the study recommends improving annual procurement planning, strengthening supplier evaluation and collaboration, investing in digital procurement systems, and simplifying procurement procedures to improve efficiency and organizational performance.