Abstract:
Illegal tree cutting activities such as clearing forests inside protected areas for personal needs are
contributing high to environmental degradations. Though it is a big factor to climate change,
reduced biodiversity, habitat loss and other devastating effects, it is roughly monitored or not
monitored at all. Thus, solutions need to be developed to detect and handle tree cuttings. With
advances in remote sensing data, deforestation detection has become more convenient and
accurate. Researches have been done on deforestation detection from satellite images but the
methods and the satellite data used so far are not appropriate for study areas with possibilities of
finding heterogenous land cover classes within small areas. The coarser spatial resolution of the
satellite images, the usage of traditional statistical methods as classifiers, and the difficulty in
optimal patch size selection when patch-based classification is used were the identified problems
of the previous researches. As a solution to these problems, we proposed a deep learning based
semantic segmentation model to be used as a land cover classification scheme at pixel-level before
tree cutting detection is taken place. In the proposed model, high resolution sentinel-2 satellite
images of our study area (Gambella National Park) were used as a dataset, at pixel-level
classification was performed and deep learning architectures were employed. We have built the
U-Net architecture first and its encoder part was modified further to incorporate the state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures such as Vgg-16 and ResNet-50. The U-Net model and the U-Net model with modified encoders were ensembled to build the final
semantic segmentation model. The original U-Net model, U-Net model with Vgg-16 encoder and
U-Net model with ResNet-50 encoder achieve 86.69%, 88.08%, 91.28% average F1-Scores
respectively. And the final ensembled model achieves 92.12% average F1-Score. Finally, we have
used the post-classification comparison approach to perform tree cutting detection in our study
area. Sentinel-2 images of our study area captured in 2021/11/30 and 2021/12/10 were
automatically downloaded, pre-processed and classified into land cover classes using the
ensembled model. The classification outputs were then compared to detect and map the tree
cuttings in our area of interest.
Keywords: Satellite Images, U-Net, Semantic Segmentation, Tree Cutting, Gambella National Park