Background: In a non-recurrent indication of primary cesarean section, trial of labour for the next birth is an option and safe in a hospital which have both necessary health care providers and well-equipped for emergency repeat cesarean section if vaginal birth after first cesarean birth fails. According to previous published studies, a trial of vaginal birth had a failure rate on average 20 to 40%. Both low and high-income countries of the world the cesarean section has been overused. In Amhara region there have been no researches done on why women going to repeatedly cesarean section after trials of labour. Objective: To assess the determinants of failed trial of labour after the previous one cesarean section at Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialized referral hospital Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: An institution based unmatched case control study design was employed among 260 mothers (173 controls and 87 cases) who gave birth in Felege Hiwot referral hospital from October 01 /2017 to September 30/2020. Medical registration numbers of all mothers who has previous one lower abdominal transverse scar and tried to vaginal birth and delivered through vaginal as well cesarean was recorded by separate sheet from delivery log book. The participant’s chart had been selected by simple random sampling technique. Data had been entered by epi data 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Variables with p-value < 0.25 in bi variable binary logistic were entered in to multivariable analysis. P-value less than 0.05 in the multivariable analysis had been declared as significant. Result: No vaginal birth history (AOR =3.3, 95%CI: 1.03 ,10.71), ruptured amniotic membrane (AOR = 1.94, 95%CI :1.05 ,3.56) and cervical dilatation less than 4 centimeter during admission (AOR = 4.35, 95%CI:2.13 ,8.9) were found statistically significant factor for failure to trial of labour after one cesarean section. Conclusion: History of vaginal birth, cervical dilatation and status of amniotic membrane during admission were the determinants of failed trials of labour after one cesarean section. Thus, during screening to trials of labour after cesarean those significant determinants must be considered. Key words: Cesarean section, Determinants, Felege-Hiwot hospital, failure, Trial of labour.