Food barley is one of the major staple crops in Ethiopia. In Farta district, the productivity of food barley is below its potential due to poor agronomic constraints. Inappropriate seeding rate and NPS fertilizer applications are among the most important agronomic factors that limits productivity of food barley around the study area. An experiment was conducted in the Farta district on 2017/2018 main cropping season to examine the responses of different seeding and NPS fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of food barley. Four different seeding rates (85,100, 120 and 150 kg seed ha-1) and four NPS fertilizer rates (86.1-34.2-6.3, 88- 38- 7, 91.8-45.6-8.4, 97.5-57-10.5 kg ha-1), a total of 16 treatment combinations were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Phenological, vegetative and yield related data were collected and analyzed using SAS V9.0. The results of this study indicated that the main effect of different seeding rates and application of different NPS fertilizer rates showed significant effect on yield and yield components of food barley. However, the interaction effects of seeding and NPS rates did not significantly affect grain yield and yield components of food barley. A seeding rate of 100 kg ha-1 resulted in 3.08 t ha-1grain yield of food barley which was 16.88% higher than the lowest seeding rate (85kg ha-1); similarly application of 88-38-7kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer rate was superior in grain yield (15.12%) compared with the lowest rate (86.1-34.2-6.3 kg ha-1). The results of the partial budget analysis revealed that seeding rate of 100 kg ha-1and application of 88-38-7 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer rate resulted maximum marginal rate of return (4162 percent) and are economically profitable with a net benefit of 45003 birr ha-1 compared to other treatments. A seeding rate of 100 kg ha-1and NPS fertilizer rate of 88-38-7 kg ha-1 can be recommended for cost-effective production in the study area. However, similar studies should be done across locations and over the seasons to come up with strong recommendation. Keywords: Food barley, NPS rate, seeding rate, yield components