Complex-Based Polymer-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode for Electrochemical Determination of Selected Drugs in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples

Abebaw, Shitahun

dc.contributor.author	Abebaw, Shitahun
dc.date.accessioned	2026-08-18T10:44:24Z
dc.date.available	2026-08-18T10:44:24Z
dc.date.issued	2018-06
dc.identifier.uri	http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17023
dc.description.abstract	Ciprofloxacin (Cpro) and Norfloxacin (Nor) are drugs belonging to the fluoroquinolones class, commonly used to treat bacterial infections of humans and animals. However, improper use, unmetabolized excretion, and overuse of Cpro and Nor can lead to bacterial resistance. To mitigate this risk, continuous monitoring using sensitive and selective analytical techniques are required. In this work, Manganese (II)-chrysin ([Mn(Chr)3]Cl2), Copper (II)-chrysin ([Cu(Chr)2Cl]Cl), and Copper (II)-resorcinol (Na2[Cu(Reso)3Cl]) complexes were synthesized, characterized and applied to modify pencil graphite electrode (PGE) for electrochemical determination of Cpro, Nor, and (Nor and Caffeine) simultaneously in pharmaceuticals samples, milk samples, urine samples and in the presence of different potential interferences. The tip of the PGE electrode has been immersed in the monomer solution and modified using the potentiodynamic electropolymerization method by placing the pencil graphite electrode inside the prepared pencil holder using the selected potential window and scan cycle. The modified electrode was characterized using CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS), UV-Vis, digital optical microscopy, and contact angle with relative to bare PGE electrode. Both the developed (SWV and AdSSWV) electrochemical methods and the UV-Vis spectroscopic method were calibrated and used for the determination of the concentration of Cpro, Nor, and Caffeine in different sample matrices and the results were compared. The percent recoveries in pharmaceuticals ranged from 84.5 to 114.3%, in urine samples 92.8 to 114.9%, and in milk samples 81.80% to 91.13%. The values of dynamic range, LoD, and sensitivity of the developed method for Cpro were in 1-200 μM, 0.54, and 0.16, respectively. Dynamic range, LoD, and sensitivity for Nor were in 1-100 μM, 0.09, and 0.5, respectively and for Caff were in 10-300 μM, 3.05, and 0.09, respectively. The developed methods were selective towards the tested analytes in the presence of different potential interferences and can be taken for the determination of Cpro, Nor and, Caff in different sample matrices.	en_US
dc.language.iso	en_US	en_US
dc.subject	Chemistry	en_US
dc.title	Complex-Based Polymer-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode for Electrochemical Determination of Selected Drugs in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples	en_US
dc.type	Dissartation	en_US