http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/7 Sat, 13 Jan 2001 07:24:50 GMT 2001-01-13T07:24:50Z http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16858 Education In Emergencies: Unpacking Child Education In Internally Displaced Persons Sites In Ethiopia, Debre Berhan Internally Displaced Persons Camp Yeshiwas, Dereb The main purpose of this study was to unpack child education in IDP sites in Ethiopia, Debre Berhan Internally Displaced Persons‘ camp. The study further explored differences in Education for internally Displaced Children on the basis children‘s demographic characteristics (gender and location). To this end, an explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used. A proportional stratified sampling technique was employed to select the research participants from the schools. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from selected participants. Then, descriptive and inferential statistics, including cross-case analysis for the qualitative data were employed. The findings of the study revealed that quality education, inclusive education, safety and protection, and overall Education for Internally Displaced Children appeared poor. This is due to the absence of sustainable follow ups from parents, school teachers and lack of enough support from schools; that school facility for education; cultural barriers, lack of confidence, engaging on multiple activities, such as family management, child rearing; economic problem; language barrier, and the presence of military clashes among different groups, etc. Based on gender, male IDC showed more access and safety and protection compared with female. Yet, no difference existed on quality and inclusive education. In terms of location, urban IDC experiences better Access to education and Quality education than IDC lived in rural displaced areas. Whereas, there were no differences observed between IDC in their inclusion education and safety and protection. This was because of IDC‘s own negative attitude for education, lack of confidence to go to school, the isolated nature of the rural schools from the center limits them to access varieties of assertiveness training, lack of facilities during the instructional process, poor infrastructure, lack of supervision from administrative staffs and experienced special teachers, and complete lack of government provision and financing of all levels of education, etc. The major factors affecting the implementation of EIDC were categorised into school related, resource related and security related. Accordingly, the concerned personnel at all levels, particularly, REBs, ZED, woredas, in synergy with NGOs and schools level leaders) should take corrective measures to tackle the identified gaps and challenges investigated in this study. Thu, 01 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16858 2025-05-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16855 Trinitarian And Christological Controversies Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahdo Church (1613-1878) ASRAT, ARAYA The Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahdo Church (hereafter EOTC) witnessed the most destructive dogmatic controversy by the dawn of the 17th century. The manipulation of the issue by the royal court and the clergy for power and privileges let the crisis continue for more than two and half a century. The feud not only threatened the unity of the church, but also considerably contributed for the ultimate decay of the Ethiopian state during the Zämänä Mäsafent. The impact of the schism was apparent when it took the concern of state builders of the 19th century. In spite of its enormous contribution in the disintegration and re-unification of the country, the controversy is a theme of Ethiopian history which attracted little attention. The scholarly works dealt on the issue are heavily shaped by either the outer contexts of the sectarian literature or the changes of the 19th century. The essences of qesäța and sarcastic portrayals of traditions and the sects’ intensive edition, deletion and revision of library works are unnoticed. This complicated the study of the origin and root of the controversy as well as the dogmas defended by each sect. Hence, this dissertation gives emphasis to fill the major historiographical gaps characterizing the scholarly literature. A considerable attempt has been made to show the dynamics of the controversy by treating each major development on its own time perspective. This dissertation is built mainly on sectarian treatises, hagiographical traditions, and royal chronicles. Enormous attempt has also been made to review the secondary literature and extract relevant information on the issue. Intensive interview was made with church scholars versed in commentaries of the scripture to properly understand the theological contexts of the tenets of the sects. An integrated thematic and chronological approach of analysis is applied to better reconstruct this very intricate dogmatic feud. A careful look into primary sources indicates that the main source of the schism was the Catholic Church’s long endeavor to detach the EOTC from Alexandria and submit to its See of Rome. The lasting impact was the split of the EOTC clergy along dogmatic lines in the early 17th century. Therefore, this dissertation argues that the EOTC had well defined Trinitarian and Christological dogmas prior to the advent of Jesuits which was defended by the Täwahdo party throughout the course of the controversy. The clergy disagreed on further interpretation of the held miaphysite dogmas of the EOTC. The work gives a new perspective into the nature of the sectarian literature and scholarly views and thus it will serve as important reference for further research works. Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16855 2025-06-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16853 Assessment Of Groundwater Vulnerability To Pollution Using Modified Drastic Model In Bure Town, Ethiopia Atinkut, Kelemu Groundwater resources, which account for about 30 percent of global freshwater, are the most abundant, clean, and important resource for human and ecosystem adaptability. However, the quality of groundwater is gradually deteriorating due to rapid population increase, urbanization, climate change, and anthropogenic activities. So, groundwater quality protection has become a global concern. One of the mechanisms for protecting groundwater quality is vulnerability assessment to test its sensitivity to pollution. The study was carried out in Bure town which hosts a large number of population settlements and several industries with no good working waste stabilization ponds. The study aimed to assess the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution in Bure town using the modified DRASTIC model. In this study, the modified DRASTIC model was used which integrated eight parameters including depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, the impact of the vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity, and land use land cover. The spatial variation of vulnerability was identified by integrating the thematic layers using a raster calculator tool on the GIS environment. Primary data types such as remote sensing data and meteorological data were primary data as well as secondary data inputs such as geological maps, soil maps, hydrogeological log data, pumping test data, static water levels, and water quality data were used. The result of vulnerability revealed vulnerability index value of the study area ranges from 74 to 173. Accordingly, 67.05% of the area was under medium to high vulnerability zone. Areas with a high vulnerability index (35.82%) were found in the central and northwestern part of Bure town in association with industrial, residential, and intensive agricultural areas respectively while low vulnerability zones (32.99%) were found in most of the eastern peripheral part in association with plantation and other open areas. The validation of the model using Pearson's correlation coefficient "R2" was determined to be 0.55 suggesting a positive correlation between the nitrate value and vulnerability index. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the depth to water level and the land use factor were influencing factors. The spatial variation of water quality parameters showed variations from one site to another although most of them are within the acceptable limits. The value of pH ranges from 6.5 to 8.4, indicating the acidic to alkaline nature of the water which was supported by variations in EC and TDS which range from 331.9 μS/cm to 5429.6 μS/cm and 215.8 and 3555.3 mg/L respectively. Higher levels of nitrate (33.9 mg/L) were revealed in northwestern sites where intensive agriculture (as a non-point source) is practiced followed by residential and industrial areas. A strong correlation between agricultural Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16853 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16848 Trinitarian And Christological Controversies Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahdo Church (1613-1878) Asrat, Araya The Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahdo Church (hereafter EOTC) witnessed the most destructive dogmatic controversy by the dawn of the 17th century. The manipulation of the issue by the royal court and the clergy for power and privileges let the crisis continue for more than two and half a century. The feud not only threatened the unity of the church, but also considerably contributed for the ultimate decay of the Ethiopian state during the Zämänä Mäsafent. The impact of the schism was apparent when it took the concern of state builders of the 19th century. In spite of its enormous contribution in the disintegration and re-unification of the country, the controversy is a theme of Ethiopian history which attracted little attention. The scholarly works dealt on the issue are heavily shaped by either the outer contexts of the sectarian literature or the changes of the 19th century. The essences of qesäța and sarcastic portrayals of traditions and the sects’ intensive edition, deletion and modification of library works are unnoticed. This complicated the study of the origin and root of the controversy as well as the dogmas defended by each sect. Hence, this dissertation gives emphasis to fill the major historiographical gaps characterizing the scholarly literature. A considerable attempt has been made to show the dynamics of the controversy by treating each major development on its own time perspective. This dissertation is built mainly on sectarian treatises, hagiographical traditions, and royal chronicles. Enormous attempt has also been made to review the secondary literature and extract relevant information on the issue. Intensive interview was made with church scholars versed in commentaries of the scripture to properly understand the theological contexts of the tenets of the sects. An integrated thematic and chronological approach of analysis is applied to better reconstruct this very intricate dogmatic feud. A careful look into primary sources indicates that the main source of the schism was the Catholic Church’s long endeavor to detach the EOTC from Alexandria and submit to its See of Rome. The lasting impact was the split of the EOTC clergy along dogmatic lines in the early 17th century. Therefore, this dissertation argues that the EOTC had well defined Trinitarian and Christological dogmas prior to the advent of Jesuits which was defended by the Täwahdo party throughout the course of the controversy. The clergy disagreed on further interpretation of the held miaphysite dogmas of the EOTC. The work gives a new perspective into the nature of the sectarian literature as well as scholarly view and thus it will serve as important reference for further research works Sun, 01 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16848 2025-06-01T00:00:00Z