http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/2034 Tue, 13 Oct 2026 05:26:22 GMT 2026-10-13T05:26:22Z http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17334 THE REGULATORY FRAMWORK FOR COMMERCIAL BROKERS IN ETHIOPIA: AN ASSESSMENT OF ADEQUACY AND ENFORCEMENT IN BAHIR DAR CITY Sisay, Dagim This research looks at the rules governing commercial brokers (commonly known as dellalas) in Ethiopia, with a specific focus on Bahir Dar City. Brokers are important because they help people buy and sell goods and services, but if they are not controlled, they can cause problems in the market. The study aimed to find out if the current Ethiopian laws for brokers are adequate enough and if the government is actually making sure people follow them. The study employs a qualitative legal research approach combining doctrinal and non doctrinal forms legal research. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field observation, and document analysis, and examined using thematic and analytical methods to assess the gap between formal regulation and brokerage practice. The findings show a big gap between what the law says and what actually happens. Even though the law requires brokers to have a license, brokers in Bahir Dar work illegally without having it. The research found that the government and the police often ignore these unlicensed brokers, allowing them to operate openly. This lack of control leads to problems like brokers unfairly increasing prices, tricking customers, and avoiding taxes. The study concludes that the current system is not working well. To fix this, it recommends that the government create one clear, modern law for all brokers. It also suggests that brokers should have to meet professional standards and receive training before getting a license. Finally, it calls on the police and trade bureaus to be more active in stopping illegal brokerage activities to protect consumers and the economy Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17334 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17333 The Role of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission in Advancing Economic and Social Rights: An Appraisal of Its Practices Ayalew, Barnabas Economic and Social Rights (ESRs) are fundamental for a dignified human existence, yet their judicial enforcement remains limited for legal and institutional challenges. National Human Rights Intuitions (NHRIs) present a viable option for advancing ESRs, as they are uniquely positioned at the intersection of governments, civil society, and marginalized communities. Against the backdrop of rising poverty and inflation rates in Ethiopia, this research critically examines the practices of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) in promoting and protecting ESRs. The study evaluates the ways and extent to which the EHRC effectively fulfills its mandate in ensuring the realization of ESRs. Using a comparative analysis with the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) and the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), the research explores how regional best practices can strengthen the EHRC’s ESRs monitoring capacity. Adopting a mixed methods evaluation research design, the qualitative component reviews normative and conceptual frameworks relevant to the role of NHRIs in advancing ESRs and incorporates interviews with EHRC’s staffs and other stakeholders to assess the Commission’s institutional practices and challenges. Whereas the quantitative aspect complements the analysis through a descriptive analysis of trends in ESRs related complaints. Findings reveal that, the EHRC has undertaken notable initiatives such as contributing to the drafting of the Business and Human Rights National Action Plan, education and health legislations and engaging with regional and international human rights mechanisms. The Commission’s thematic monitoring and follow up mechanisms on ESRs demonstrate a commendable institutional strength. However, its monitoring and engagement on ESRs remains largely qualitative and reactive. The Commission lacks explicit statutory obligations to inquire and report on ESRs. Absence of systematic use of quantitative indexes, public inquires, institutionalized ESRs based budget analysis and power to institute judicial proceedings hinder its capacity. Moreover, its effectiveness is constrained by limited resources, and the absence of structured collaboration and data-sharing frameworks. ESRs-related complaints remain below 10% of total cases. In contrast, the SAHRC and KNCHR demonstrate robust and proactive ESR monitoring systems, including public inquiries, ESRs based budget analysis, and data as well as monitoring partnerships. These comparative practices reveal the importance of structured methodologies, fiscal analysis, and participatory monitoring mechanisms in strengthening accountability and policy influence. The study concludes that for the EHRC to become an effective guardian of ESRs, it must institutionalize quantitative monitoring, adopt budget and resource analysis frameworks, enhance collaboration with civil society and statistical agencies, and develop dedicated ESRs education. Legal reform to explicitly mandate ESRs promotion and protection under the EHRC Establishment Proclamation is essential to a better implementation of ESRs in Ethiopia. Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17333 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16836 Unveiling the Effectiveness of Leniency Programs in Dismantling Cartel Agreements; A Comparative Analysis with Special Focus on Ethiopian Law Masresha, Desalegn Cartel agreements represent one of the most serious threats to market competition, often resulting in inflated prices, restricted output, and reduced innovation. In response, leniency programs have been adopted globally as strategic enforcement tools to detect and dismantle cartels by incentivizing self-reporting among conspirators. This paper critically examines the effectiveness of leniency programs in dismantling cartel structures through a comparative analysis; focusing on the experiences of the United States of America, Canada, and other jurisdictions with mature and tested leniency frameworks. Through a comparative analysis of established jurisdictions such as United States of America, Canada, South Africa and Kenya, the study assesses how leniency policies are effective in combating cartel agreements; incentivize whistleblowers and cooperation with competition authorities. The study then turns to Ethiopia, critically assessing the legal framework and the practices in underpinning its competition law regime with regard to leniency program. Special focus is given to the Ethiopian legal framework, assessing its current capacity to implement and benefit from such programs. By comparing Ethiopia’s legal framework with international best practices, particularly United States of America, Canada, South Africa and Kenya, the research critically evaluates the operational efficiency, enforcement mechanism, and limitations of Ethiopia’s current leniency regime. Through a mixed(doctrinal and empirical) legal research analysis, the paper uncovers key gaps in the implementation and enforcement of Ethiopia’s leniency provisions, including issues related to legal framework, the practice, and stakeholder awareness that hinder the full realization of leniency programs in Ethiopia. The study concludes by offering legal and informed recommendations to strengthen the Ethiopian framework, arguing that a well-designed and credibly enforced leniency program is essential for uncovering covert cartel behavior and promoting competitive market dynamics. Tue, 01 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16836 2025-07-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16835 An Appraisal Of The Legal And Institutinal Frameworks Governing Customs Duty Free Privilege In Ethiopia: The Case Of Bahirdar Customs Branch Office Dessalegn, Zelalem Duty-free privileges are a key government incentive allowing eligible sectors to import goods tax-free upon meeting set requirements. This research paper was conducted to make an appraisal on the legal and institutional frameworks governing customs duty free privilege at Bahir Dar customs branch office. In doing so, a mixed method design was employed combining doctrinal and empirical research methods towards creating a clear foundation of the legal and institutional framework on one hand and assessing the real-world application of the laws and its practical challenges and gaps on the other hand. The findings show that the current legal framework establishes a basic structure for duty-free operations despite the gaps and challenges that restrict its efficacy. It is found out that misuse duty-free privileges such as mis-declaring goods or misusing exemptions either personal or commercial use in contradiction to intended purposes is abundantly available. The study indicate that there is inconsistent enforcement of laws concerning customs duty free privilege by different customs offices which may interpret and enforce regulations differently, leading to inconsistencies in the application of duty-free privileges. This conclusion encapsulates key findings, explores implications, recognizes limitations, and proposes directions for future research, specifically aligned with the context of customs duty-free operations. Furthermore, the research paper has forwarded key recommendations on this area which could help in modernizing the administration of customs duty-privilege Tue, 01 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16835 2025-07-01T00:00:00Z