Thesis

Survey and Management of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis Fabae) Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.) Through Improved Varieties and Fungicide Application at Dabat District, Ethiopia.

Tue, 01 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Survey and Management of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis Fabae) Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.) Through Improved Varieties and Fungicide Application at Dabat District, Ethiopia. Habtamu Desalegn Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the major pulse crop grown in the highlands of Ethiopia but it yield has been reduces due chocolate spot disease infestation. This study was conducted at dabat district in 2020 cropping season with the objective assessing the economic importance of chocolate spot disease and determine the integration management of faba bean chocolate spot disease by using fababean varieties and fungicide application schedule. Survey was conducted in the five major faba bean producing kebele of Dabat districts, North Gondar Zone a. A total of 385 faba bean farmer fields were assessed for the incidence and severity of chocolate spot disease. Farmer fields were assessed and the collected data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Field experiment was arranged in randomly complete block design in 4x4 factorial combinations with three replications. The treatments include four faba bean varieties( Local ,Walki, Dosha and Tumsa) and four fungicide application schedule(un spray,7 day spray, 14 day spray and 21 day spray) of Mancozeb 80% WP at 2.5kg/ha . The disease, yield and yield related data were subjected to analysis of variance using the general linear model procedure of SAS 9.2. The surveyed kebele most of the farmer sows local variety and does not use fungicide in this case chocolate spot disease was high in all assessed field. Relatively high mean incidence (98.27%) and severity (73.05%) was recorded at Abtera kebele and low disease incidence (91.79%) and severity (62.27%) was recorded at Chila kebele. The interaction of variety with fungicide application schedule had significant (p<0.05) effect on chocolate spot disease. The minimum disease severity (14.5%) recorded from walki variety with 7 day spray interval of Mancozeb 80 % WP fungicide application while the maximum disease severity (59.5%) was recorded from unsprayed local variety and the lowest disease incidence (52.66 %)was recorded on walkie variety with 7 day fungicide spray interval.while the highest disease incidence (95%) was recoreded from unsprayed local variety in the final disease assessment. The highest AUDPC (1547.8%-day) was recorded from unsprayed local variety while the lowest AUDPC (574.2%-day) was recorded from walki variety with 7 day spray interval of mancozeb 80%WP fungicide. In this study Walki faba bean variety with fungicide treatment particularly with weekly Mancozeb fungicide application schedule had provided best result in terms of chocolate spot disease management and get benefit from yield production. Since the research was conducted for one year the experiment should be repeated.

Assessment and Efficacy of Botanicals Against Rice Weevil (Sitophilus Oryzae L.)on Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Under Storage Condition in Fogera District, North-Western Ethiopia

Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Assessment and Efficacy of Botanicals Against Rice Weevil (Sitophilus Oryzae L.)on Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Under Storage Condition in Fogera District, North-Western Ethiopia Esuyawkal Demis Storage of rice is affected by various types of post-harvest pests like rice weevil, lesser grain borer, and other insect pests. An assessment was conducted to assess the status of storage insect pests of rice and an experiment was done to evaluate the efficacy of botanicals against rice weevils on rice under storage conditions in Fogera District during 2021/22 cropping season. The assessment was conducted based on interviews and visiting the individual household and collecting a representative sample of grains. Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), and angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) were recorded in the surveyed areas. From these insect pests, rice weevil and lesser grain borer predominantly occurred. Farmers used traditional storage methods like Gota (32%), Shirfa (27%), Polypropylene bags (25%), and Fertilizer bags (12%) for storing rice grains. About 29% of farmers in the study area used chemical insecticides than other management methods. The experiment consists of botanicals like seed and leaf powders of Datura stramonium, Lantana camara, and Azadirachta indica, and leaf powders of Phytolacca dodecandra and Eucalyptus globulus at the rate of 5% w/w. Malathion 5% dust as a standard check and untreated check were included for comparison. Two rice varieties (Shaga and NERICA-4) were used and the experiment was arranged in CRD with a factorial arrangement in three replications. Data on the number of dead weevils, progeny emergence, percent protection, weight loss, grain damage, and germinated seeds were assessed after treatment applications and subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software. All botanical powders significantly resulted in higher weevil mortality, progeny reduction, low grain damages, and weight loss. About 98.29% of adult mortality of S. oryzae was obtained with P. dodecandra leaf powder which was a statistically comparable effect with Malathion 5% dust. Next to P. dodecandra leaf powder, 93.16% and 89.74% of adult weevil mortality were obtained from the seed powders of A. indica and D. stramonium respectively. The minimum grain damage was recorded from P. dodecandra leaf powder (0.97%) followed by seed powders of A. indica (1.30%) and D. stramonium (1.50%). The leaf powder of P. dodecandra and seed powders of A. indica and D. stramonium were the most effective botanicals in all of the variables measured than the rest of the treatments. Other botanical treatments were also highly significant than the untreated check. In general, the result showed that the leaf powder of P. dodecandra and the seed powders of A. indica and D. stramonium can be used as an alternative control method of S. oryzae under farmer’s storage conditions.

Distribution and Management of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis Fabae) of Faba Bean (Vicia Faba) Through Varieties and Fungicide Frequency in Simada Distinct, Ethiopia

Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Distribution and Management of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis Fabae) of Faba Bean (Vicia Faba) Through Varieties and Fungicide Frequency in Simada Distinct, Ethiopia Kassie Birhane Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the major pulse crops grown in the highlands of Ethiopia buttheir yields are reduced by chocolate spot disease problem. This study was conducted at Simada district in 2021 cropping season with the objectivesto assess the distribution of chocolate spot and develop Integrated Disease Management using host resistance and fungicide.A survey was conducted in the five major faba bean producing areas of at Simada district. A total of 75 faba bean farmer fields were assessed for the incidence and severity of chocolate spot disease. Thefield experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design in 3x4 factorial combinations with three replications. The treatmentswere three faba bean varieties (Local, Dosha and Huchallu ) with four fungicide spraying frequency including: . (un spray,1 times spray, 2 times spray and 3 times spray) of Mancozeb 80% WP at 2.5kg/ha . Relatively high mean incidence (98.9%) and severity (59.2 %) was recorded at Dubdubia kebele administration and low disease incidence (56.8%) and severity (30%) was recorded at Arega kebele administration. The experiment was conducted under rain fed condition at Bazera meda Kebele administration in Simada district on farmer’s field. The interaction of variety with fungicide spraying frequency had significant effect on chocolate spot disease management. The minimum disease severity (25.67%) recorded from Dosha with three times spraying frquencey while the maximum disease severity (55.2.%) was recorded from unsprayed local variety at the last day of assessment . In this stud the Dosha faba bean variety with three times spraying frequency was the highest yield and local unsprayed was the least yield. Therefore, it is concluded that Dosha variety interacting with three times fungicide spray frequency is best in the study area.

Screening of Resistance Genotypes and Integrated Management of Septoria Leaf Blotch (Mycosphaerella Graminicola) of Bread Wheat(Triticium Astivum L) inNorth Gondar , Ethiopia

Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Screening of Resistance Genotypes and Integrated Management of Septoria Leaf Blotch (Mycosphaerella Graminicola) of Bread Wheat(Triticium Astivum L) inNorth Gondar , Ethiopia Yohannes Kefale Bread wheat is one of the most important cereal crops grown in different parts of Ethiopia. However, its average productivity in the country is low (3046 kg/ha) as compared to its yield potential in the world (3500 kg/ha). One of the factors for the low productivity of bread wheat is Septoria leaf blotch disease and this a serious problem in the study area. Therefore, screening of wheat genotypes was conducted at Dabat, during the 2021 main cropping season to screen host plant resistance against Septoria leaf blotch. The experimental field was designed in a simple lattice design with 2 replications and 100 genotypes. Similarly, a field experiment was carried out in Debark and Dabat districts of North Gondar during the main cropping season of 2021 to investigate the effect of varieties and fungicides on wheat yield and yield components and the intensity of septoria leaf blotch during the main cropping season of 2021. At both experimental sites, a factorial combination of three types of varieties (Alidoro, Ogolcho, and local) and four fungicides (Tilt 250 EC, Mancozeb 80% WP, Bayleton 25%WP, and unsprayed) were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study for screening of genotypes revealed that none of the genotypes were immune. The majority (61%) of wheat genotypes were sustained infection responses that ranged from highly resistant to moderately resistant and gave a better yield (>50quintal ha -1 ). About 28% of the genotypes were moderately susceptible. The remaining limited genotypes were within the range of susceptible. The analysis of the factorial experiment revealed that there were significant differences among the varieties for incidence, severity, AUDPC, disease progress rate, grain yield, and yield components at both locations while the interaction effect of variety with fungicides was observed for yield at Dabat. Variety Alidoro sprayed with Tilt 250 EC had lower intensity, AUDPC, progress rate of the disease and yield loss, and high highest PDC, yield, and net profit with an acceptable marginal rate of return at Dabat. On the other hand, at Debark, the variety Alidoro had lower severity (in all assessment dates), AUDPC, disease progress rate, and high yield as compared to other varieties but the interaction effects were insignificant. Finally, it is concluded that using a moderately resistant variety for Debark and supplementing it by Tilt 250 EC for Dabat were found effectively manage septoria leaf blotch of bread wheat respectively. However, further research is needed under different agro-ecologies for additional years for the development of disease resistance variety, to determine the best-integrated management options, and to increase the production and productivity of bread wheat in the country.