Veterinary Micro-Biology

Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Anti-Microbial Susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Different dairy Production System, Chagni District, Northwest Ethiopia

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Anti-Microbial Susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Different dairy Production System, Chagni District, Northwest Ethiopia Ahmed Wodaje A cross-sectional study was carried out from October 2022 to June 2023 at Chagni cattle breeding and improvement Ranch, and small holder-dairy farms to estimate the prevalence and the anti-microbial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected cows. The study was conducted on 318 lactating cows selected by simple random sampling techniques in the study areas. The data was analysed using statistical tools. Based on the CMT result and clinical examination, of the 318 cows examined, 44.1%(140/318) were positive for mastitis. Out of this, 35.9% and 8.2% had sub-clinical and clinical mastitis at cow level, respectively. From 1272 quarters examined 55(4.3%) were blind, and 20% (243/1272) were positive for mastitis. In the multivariable logistic regression model, factors significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of mastitis were age, breed, management system, lactation stage, parity, floor type, and tick on the teat at Chagni cattle breeding and improvement Ranch. In addition, age, lactation stage, and tick on teat were independently associated with mastitis occurrenc in small-holder dairy farms (p<0.05). Staphylococcus aureus isolates were detected in 45.7% (64/140) of the samples, of which 9 (34.6%) and 55 (48.2%) isolates from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases, respectively. All (n = 64) isolates of S. aureus were tested for their susceptibility to eight selected antimicrobials. The isolates were highly susceptible to sulfamethoxazole (87.5%) and Gentamycin (79.7 %) followed by Tetracycline (75%), Erythromycin (72%), and Azithromycin (71.8%). However, they were highly resistant to Cefoxitin (65.6%), followed by Tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (25%). The high prevalence of masitis in the study area, more importantly the sub-clinical one. And isolates of S. aureus were resistant to a number of drugs. Hence, implementing hygienic conditions, creating awareness on the control and prevention of subclinical mastitis in dairy farms, and rational use of drugs are recommended.

Identification and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and Molecular Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus from Beef Line in Bahir Dar and Debre Markos Municipal Abattoirs, Northwest Ethiopia

Fri, 01 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Identification and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and Molecular Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus from Beef Line in Bahir Dar and Debre Markos Municipal Abattoirs, Northwest Ethiopia Samuel Abie Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common zoonotic bacteria, which causes diseases and responsible for the development of resistance against various antibiotic agents. In Ethiopia, data about the pattern of S. aureus and its Methicillin resistant strain is limited. Therefore, the main aim of the current study was to provide the basic data on the detection of S. aureus, its Methicillin resistant strain and antibiogram assessment in Bahir Dar and Debre Markos municipal abattoirs. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to April 2022. One hundred fifty swab samples were purposively collected from beef carcasses, knives, splitting axes, cutting tables, hooks, walls of the abattoir houses and personnel hands and cloths. Isolation and identification of S. aureus was performed according to ISO6888-2 and antibiogram assessment was conducted for ten selected antibiotic agents by the disk diffusion method based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Conventional polymerase chain reaction was applied for the detection of mecA gene. S. aureus was detected as 25.3% (38/150) of the samples, out of which, 27.1%, 23.1%, and 26.9% from beef carcass, abattoir environment and abattoir workers, respectively. About 22.7% of S. aureus was isolated from Bahir Dar municipal abattoir, while 28% was from Debre Markos municipal abattoir. The highest proportion of S. aureus was detected from hands and hooks samples (35.7%), the lowest in the splitting axes (11.1%). Furthermore, the isolates were detected from knives, tables, walls and workers’ cloths with the proportion of 26.7%, 23.1%, 14.3% and 16.7%, respectively. All isolates were completely susceptible to Gentamicin; but 100% resistant were recorded to Penicillin and Methicillin. Around 84.2% of S. aureus isolates showed multi-drug resistance. Furthermore, the mecA gene was detected from five isolates (33.3%) of the 15 S. aureus isolates. The contamination of beef carcass, abattoir environment and abattoir workers with S. aureus may have significant risks on the public health and economic aspects in the study areas. Therefore, to minimize the risk of this pathogen, prevention and control strategies such as using most sensitive drugs, creating good abattoir hygiene, equipment and abattoir workers’ sanitation and good carcass handling were recommended.

Molecular Detection and Antibiogram of Pasteurella Multocida and Mannheimia Haemolyticaisolates From Suspected Pneumonic Sheep in Selected Districts of South Wollo, Ethiopia

Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Molecular Detection and Antibiogram of Pasteurella Multocida and Mannheimia Haemolyticaisolates From Suspected Pneumonic Sheep in Selected Districts of South Wollo, Ethiopia Mulugeta Legas Pneumonic pasteurellosis is the most common economically significance infectious diseases of ruminants and predominantly caused by Mannheimia haemolytica, Bibersteinia trehalosi and Pasteurella multocida. However, M. haemolytica has been recognized as the principal cause of pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep. Although yearly vaccination is carried out using inactivated P. multocida biotype A, pasteurellosis is still reported. This suggests the need for further research into the species and strains responsible for the disease, which is vital evidence for inclusion and development of a multivalent vaccine. With the aim of molecular detection and antibiogram of P. multocida and M. haemolytica isolates, a cross sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to April 2022 in four selected districts of South Wollo. Based on purposive sampling method, 154 deep nasal swab samples were collected from suspected pneumonic sheep for bacteriological analysis. The result revealed that the overall species recovery rates were 47 (30.52%). Out of 47 isolates, 41 (26.62%) of the isolates were M. haemolytica and 6 (3.90%) were P. multocida. Further molecular analyses of the isolates were conducted using primers targeting PHSSA and Rpt2 genes and revealed, 7/41 (17.07%) isolates of M. haemolytica were positive for PHSSA gene and negative for Rpt2 gene. PCR assay targeting capsular biosynthesis (capA) gene of P. multocida isolates were not detected rather 4/7 (57.14%) of PHSSA gene positive M. haemolytica isolates showed non-specific band size around 650 bp different from expected value. Accordingly, M. haemolytica was primary agent for sheep pneumonia in the study districts. Antibiotic susceptibility test result indicated that M. haemolytica isolates were (100%) susceptible for ampicillin and gentamycin. Hence, they were most effective drugs of choice. However, amoxicillin and erythromycin were (100%) resistant and completely inactive against the isolates.

Molecular Detection and Antibiogram of Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolates from Diarrhic Children and In-Contact Diarrheic Calves In Awi Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Tue, 01 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Molecular Detection and Antibiogram of Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolates from Diarrhic Children and In-Contact Diarrheic Calves In Awi Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Berihun Mossie Pathogenic E. coli strains of gastrointestinal infections are significant cause of diarrhea in both children and calves worldwide, especially in developing countries.The aim of this study was to identify pathogenic E.coli strains and study their antibiotic resistant patterns to commonly used antimicrobials agents isolated from diarrheic children younger than five and in contact calves. The study was conducted in Hospitals including Injibara General Hospital and two primary Hospitals (Dangila and Agew Gimjabet). Purposive sampling was used to collect 107 stools and 50 o fecal samples from all study sites. E.coli isolates were identified based on their appearance pink colonies on MacConkey agar, green metallic sheen appearance on EMB and colonies were identified through IMViC (+ + - -) biochemical tests. Genomic DNA was extracted from the isolates for strain identification using PCR. Then, positive PCR isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility profile testing and carried out using agar disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar following standard procedures. A total of 79/107(73.8%) isolates were found to be positive for E.coli in children with diarrhea. The distribution of E.coli in age category of 25-60month is more infected with E.coli infection than other age groups. Out of 79 isolates, 39(49.4%) carry one or more virulence genes. So, 26.6% for ETEC, 6.3% aEPEC, 5.1% EAEC, 3.8% STEC, 3.8% EHEC and 3.9% atypical pathotypes were detected. In addition, 38/50(76.0%) out of the 50 incontact diarrheic calves were positive for E.coli.The frequency of E.coli infection were more in cross breeds than local breeds. After thirty-eight samples were processed using PCR, 29 (76.3%) harbored one or more virulent genes which includes the following pathotypes; 7(18.4%) EPEC with atypical, 13.2% for ETEC where, EHEC and STEC constituted 7.9% each. Also, mixed pathotypes were also identified and comprised of 28.9%. Most isolates from children and calves were sensitive to norfloxacine and tetracycline and were resistant to streptomycin and gentamicin. Escherichia coli isolates, 33(84.6%) from diarrheic children and 17(58.6%) from isolates of diarrheic calves were resistant to two or more antibiotics. The study concludes E.coli strains of STEC, EHEC, aEPEC, and mixed pathotypes detected in common from diarrheic children and in contact diarrheic calves implies calves are major transmitter and reservoir pathogenic strains of E.coli to humans. Therefore, possibility of contact children with calves in home should be avoided and awareness to parents or caretakers of children on exposing E.coli should also be created.