http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/11559 2026-10-13T02:38:43Z 2026-10-13T02:38:43Z Tadesse, Mehari http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17342 2026-09-15T06:51:51Z 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z

Assessment of Hide and Skin Quality Factors, Grading and Marketing Channels in Bahir Dar City Tadesse, Mehari The study was conducted in selected urban Kebeles of Bahir Dar city and Bahir Dar tannery. The objective of the study was to assess the perception and practices of producers (homestead slaughter), butchers, collectors and market actors on the animal slaughtering technique they used, hide and skin management during and post slaughtering., defects affecting quality of hides and skins and market chain in Bahir Dar city and to examine the pre, slaughter and post slaughter defects at wet blue or pickled stage. A total of 400 hide and skin producer households in 9 urban kebeles were randomly selected and incorporated in the questionnaire survey.Data was collected through interviews using semistructured questionnaire, observation and field visit. Data was analyzed using SPSS software , excel and reported using descriptive statistics. Indices were used to present ranking. The major constraints for skin and production werediseaseandparasitewasrankedasfirstconstraintfollowed by poor husbandry practices, poor slaughter operation (fly cut)of hide and skin withthe indicesvalue of 0.23,0.22, 0.15, respectively.The common defects attributed to quality deterioration inwet blue hide were purification(73.8%), followed by cockle (72%), grain scratching (67.2%), flay cut (48%),scars/wound (21.6%), branding (9.2%), and grain crack (3.7%) and veinness (3.5%). The most prevalent defects on sheep skin were cockle (71.9%), purification (67.2%), flay cut (33.6%),veinnes(14.1%),scar/wound (10.7%),and poor pattern(1%).A higher prevalence of purification (59.1%) was observed in goat skins followed cockle (27.3%), grain crack(27.1%), veinnes (26.8%), scratch (19.3) ,flay cut (21.6%) ,scar (13.3% )and poor pattern (3.6%) and other defects. There were very few (12.2%) sheep and (0.3%) goat skin and (4.7%) cattle hides in the third grades whereas majority of sheep skin (62.8%), goat skin (77.9%) and cattle hide (63.3%) were in the grades from 4-6. Significant number of hides (28.9%), sheep (23.2%) and (21.8%) goat skin are classified as reject (grade 7).The high proportions of sheep pickled skin grade in order of importance, were grade 7 grade 4, grade 6, grade 5, grade 3 and grade 2. Grade 1-3 accounts 14% and grade 4-7 accounts 86% of the total observation. The high proportion of wet blue hide grade lied in lower grades 4-7 which accounts 92.2% and the higher grades 1-3 accounts only (7.8%) of the total observations. The high proportions of goat wet blue skin grade, in order of importance, were grade 5 grade 6, grade 7, grade 4, grade 3and none of the goat skins were in grade one and two confirming that almost all lied in the lower grades 4-7 and a very few proportion (0.3%) lied in grade 3. Almost half of the producers (51.6%) sold their raw hide and skins to middlemen followed by collection centers (34.2%) and some soldto local traditional skin processors (14.2%). On the other hand, most middlemen (84.6%) sold their raw hides and skins to collection centers and some sold to local processors (15.4%). Majority of the collection centers (80.0%) sold their raw hide and skin to Bahir-Dar tannery and the rest (20.0%) sold to other collection center. Among the identified constraintsforhide and skinmarketing wasrankedlow selling price asfirstwiththeindicesvalueof0.23, followed bylack of price information, distance of marketand transportation,lack of competitive market and lack of price information wererankedassecond,third and fourthwiththe indicesvalueof0.22, 0.166,and 0.13, respectively.Therefore, it is recommended that hide and skin quality improvement programs should include good animal management practices, health service delivery, effective disease control strategies, animal transportation and slaughtering facilities , and post slaughter hide and skins management are suggested to enhance the quality of skins and hides.

2024-06-01T00:00:00Z Zeleke, Sahlemariam http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17102 2026-08-31T09:06:04Z 2025-10-01T00:00:00Z

Survey and Management of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)) Using Different Insecticides and Application Rates in Dembia, Central Gondar Adminstrative Zone of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia Zeleke, Sahlemariam Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of Ethiopia’s major legume crops; however, the chickpea pod borer (H armigera) is a highly destructive pest that can reduce yield by 30%-90% under favorable conditions. Hence, this study was carried out during the 2023/24 cropping season in the East and West Dembia districts, comprised a survey and a field experiment. The survey involved 200 farmers across ten kebeles, and a field experiment was conducted using three insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC (250, 500, and 750 mL ha⁻¹), alpha-cypermethrin 10% EC (125, 250, and 375 mL ha⁻¹), and diazinon 60% EC (1000, 1500, and 2000 mL ha⁻¹) and an unsprayed control, arranged in an RCBD with three replications. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25), and experimental data using SAS (version 9.4). The survey revealed the (H armigera )was dominant pest (69%) and near total infestation in both districts: 100% of fields in East Dembia and 98% in West Dembia. However, infestation severity was higher in East Dembia, with more larvae per plant (5.11 vs. 4.98) and a higher percentage of infested plants (22.71% vs. 20.88%). Infestations were higher in fields with a high planting density, inadequate sanitation, wheat crop history, and no intercropping. The field experiment showed very highly significant differences in insect pest parameters, %larval reduction, pod damage, and yield parameters in both factors and interaction, treatments lambda-cyhalothrin at 750 mL ha-1 had the lowest larval density (0.11-0.443), maximum larval reduction (92.41-97.80%) the least pod damage (1.83%),and highest yield (2018.07) followed by alpha-cypermethrin (375 ml/ha) with low larva population (0.55-0.67), (87.34-91.20%) larval reduction, pod damage (3.38%), and grain yield (1902.7kg) with light phyto-toxicity. The unsprayed control plot had the highest larval density, no larval reduction, and the greatest percent of pod damage (32.67%), and lowest grain yield (1047.57 kg/ha). Although 750 mL ha-1 of lambda-cyhalothrin was the best treatment, treatment at 500 ml/ha rate showed excellent reduction, biological, low phyto-toxicity, lower costs, and the best MRR%. Therefore, 500 mL ha-1 of lambda-cyhalothrin is advisable for sustainable and cost effective (H armigera) management depends on type and rate of insecticides. Further research is needed to validate these findings across different agro-ecologies.

2025-10-01T00:00:00Z Ferede, Gedifew http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17101 2026-08-31T09:02:26Z 2025-06-01T00:00:00Z

Effect of Broken Kernels, Weevils (Sitophilus Zeamais), and Storage Period on Deterioration Indicators of Maize (Zea Mays) Under Storage Condition Ferede, Gedifew Maize is a highly important crop in Ethiopia for its food purpose and source of income especially for the smallholders; there are a lot of factors that deteriorate it under storage condition. Weevils (Sitophilus zeamais), broken kernel percentage and storage duration are among the factors that deteriorate maize under storage condition. Although maize is essential crop in most areas of country, the deterioration indicators like weevil growth development, moisture change, maize physical damage (maize damaged kernel), weight loss and mycotoxin development are serious problems under storage condition. 60kg of maize was bought from Amhara Seed Site. An experiment was designed to determine the effect of maize broken kernels, weevils and storage duration on deterioration indicators of maize under storage condition. A 0%, 2%, 4% 6% and 8% broken kernels were used in the experiment. Twenty adult maize weevils were added to each 1kg maize sample contained in a woven polypropylene bag. A two time storage period, three months and six months were used to determine weevil infestation level, insect damage kernel, weight loss, mycotoxin (aflatoxin and ochratoxin) occurrence and moisture change of maize under storage condition. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications in the grain and seed quality laboratory at the college of Agriculture and environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University (BDU). Woven polypropylene bag was used for storing the samples for the experimental period. Data logger was used to monitor the external temperature and relative humidity of the laboratory. Moisture content of maize was measured by Agratronix MT-PRO Grain Moisture Tester. Numbers of weevils counted at 3 period. Damaged and undamaged numbers of thousand maize grains counted and weighed by sensitive balance at end of 3 rd and 6 th storage period. Coffee grinder was used to grind sample for mycotoxin analysis. The highest results determined from effect of broken kernels, weevils and storage period on weevil development, physical damage, weight loss, aflatoxin and ochratoxin are 1635***, 83.8***, 48.1014***, 19.74*** and 3.99*** respectively for interaction effect and moisture change is 14.4% of main effect. rd and 6 th storage

2025-06-01T00:00:00Z Amare, Yekedem http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/17098 2026-08-31T08:58:22Z 2025-03-01T00:00:00Z

Assessment and Integrated Management of Yellow Rust (Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici) Disease of Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) in Debre Elias District, East Gojjam Adminstrative Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia Amare, Yekedem In Ethiopia, bread wheat is a significant cereal crop in terms of production volume and area coverage. However, its yield is influenced by yellow rust disease. Hence, this study was carried out to assess the status of yellow rust disease and to develop bread wheat yellow rust disease integrated management options using varieties and fungicides in Debre Elias district during 2023 main cropping season. A total of 100 wheat farmer fields were assessed from four kebele administrations in the district for yellow rust disease prevalence, incidence, and severity and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. The field experiment was conducted at Guay Kebele administration on a farmer’s field. A total of 9 treatment combinations, including three bread wheat varieties (Danda’a, Ogolcho, and Kakaba) and two fungicides (Nativo SC 300 and Kanzole 25% EC, including unsprayed check) with three replications were laid out in a factorial arrangement using RCBD design. Both disease and yield-related data were collected, and SAS 9.4 software was used to analyze them. Survey results revealed that 88%, 42.41%, and 28.67% of yellow rust mean prevalence, incidence, and severity were observed in the district respectively. Survey result also revealed that the highest mean severity was recorded on fields covered by Ogolcho variety (50.91%), which were at heading growth stage (31.48%), had high plant density (40.79%), previously covered by wheat crop (36.97%) with an altitude range >2167 m.a.s.l. (31.77%) and unsprayed ones (36.61%). The field study result showed that the highest FYRS of 89.08%, 80.48%, and 43.33% were recorded on unsprayed Ogolcho, Kakaba, and Danda’a varieties, respectively. And also the minimum (363.02% days -1 ) AUDPC value was registered on the Danda’a variety treated with Nativo SC 300 fungicide. Varieties of unsprayed plots resulted in maximum RYL of 74.55%, 52.31%, and 48.13% on Ogolcho, Kakaba, and Danda varieties, respectively. Variety Danda treated with Nativo SC 300 fungicide gave the maximum (4.55 t ha -1 ) of grain yield and NB (302,150 birr ha -1 ). As a result, the combined use of Danda variety with Nativo SC 300 fungicide could be suggested for efficient yellow rust management and optimization of production in Debre Elias. The study should be repeated in similar and differe nt agro-ecologies and years to set a solid recommendation.

2025-03-01T00:00:00Z