http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/10444 2001-01-13T06:39:03Z 2001-01-13T06:39:03Z SENED, TARIKU http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16517 2025-03-03T07:12:46Z 2024-08-27T00:00:00Z

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT SENED, TARIKU Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is one of thirteen university constructed by The Project “University Capacity Building (UCBP)” managed by GIZ IS Ethiopia. The plant has activated sludge technology with anaerobic sludge digestion and it has the capability to treat 3125 cubic meters per day of domestic wastewater. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment plant and Optimization of the plant for better effluent quality. To evaluate the effluent quality, Laboratory analysis and existing data was used as a main source to determine the characteristic of the existing treatment. The commencement of this research, the effluent from ASTU’s treatment plant only complied with the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) standards set by the environmental authority, while the Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) parameters exceeded the permissible maximum limits. It was evident from the outset that optimization was necessary to ensure all parameters fell within acceptable levels. The optimization process was carried out using a combination of laboratory and field work, along with a computer simulation program known as GPS-X. The thesis details the application of several methods to optimize the process. The first method involved adjusting the treatment parameters on-site based on laboratory test results by adjusting waste activated sludge flow rate of the treatment plant. A significant decrease in TSS (from 205 to 2.49), COD (from 149.5 to 59.71), BOD (from 69.33 to 11.50) was observed after adjusting on-site waste activated sludge flow rate. The second method included the addition of extra plant accessories such as an equalization tank and sand filter, which resulted in improvements in parameters like TSS (from 205 to 1.21), COD (from149.5 to 49.12), BOD (from 69.33 to 4.16). The most significant improvement was observed when the Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR) was replaced with secondary clarifier by considering cost and operation difficulties the recommended three options can be applied for a better effluent quality. Keyword: Performance Evaluation, optimization, secondary clarifier, Membrane Bio Reactor

2024-08-27T00:00:00Z Nakachew, Munwyelet http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16516 2025-03-03T07:10:18Z 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z

Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Water Hyacinth as Thickener Agent for Paint Production Nakachew, Munwyelet Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia 2024 GC. Page v ABSTRACT The production of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from water hyacinth, which is a cellulose-rich floating weed, was the main goal of this work. The change of this weed into useful product has economic advantages and environmental protection. The synthesis process of CMC included drying, grinding, cellulose extraction, alkalization, and carboxymethylation. The alkali treatment was carried out at 100 oC for 3 hours using 10% (w/v) NaOH, followed by bleaching at 30 oC using 17% (w/v) H2O2. The extracted cellulose was treated with 40% (w/v) NaOH for 15 minutes at room temperature to complete the alkalization process. In addition, this research studied the effect of parameters, namely chloroacetic acid concentration (0.76–1.1M), temperature (40–500C), and time (0.5–1hr) of carboxymethylation on the purity and yield of carboxymethyl cellulose. According to this work, at optimum conditions of chloroacetic acid concentration (0.972 M), temperature (45.035 oC), and time (0.796 hrs.), which were done using the central composite design of response surface methodology analysis, purity (93.553%) and yield (136.744%) of CMC were obtained. The proximate, namely moisture (7.75± 0.48%), ash (20.3±2.5%), volatile matter (58.5±1.73%), fixed carbon (21.2±2.3%), and chemical composition, namely, lignin (7.72± 0.5%), hemicellulose (34.2±0.4%), cellulose (58.08±0.9%), and extractive (5.3± 0.5%) of water hyacinth, were investigated and compared with standards. The DS (1.84±0.39), PH (7.3±0.2), water solubility (46.67±1.5% residue), color (white), viscosity (12±0.6 mPa.s), TGA (65.8% weight loss at 600oC), and SEM (smoother surface) of the optimized CMC product were recorded. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks of 1600 (COO-), 1419 (CH2), and 3364 cm-1 (OH) indicate the successful production of carboxymethyl cellulose. This research revealed that CMC was synthesized from water hyacinth, which can be used as a thickener for paint, and carboxymethylation at optimum conditions gives maximum purity and yield of CMC. Keywords: Cellulose, CMC, thickener, alkalization, Carboxymethylation, paint

2024-10-01T00:00:00Z Muhamud, Endeshaw Mohamed http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16515 2025-03-03T07:07:15Z 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticle using Eucalyptus Leaves Extract for Removal of Reactive Red Azo Dye from aqueous solution. Muhamud, Endeshaw Mohamed The release of dye containing effluent is a great threat to the environment today. The Loss of dye within textile wastewaters could vary from 5% for basic dyes to as high as 50% for reactive dyes, leading to severe contamination of surface and groundwater. The purpose of this study is to optimize dye decolorization and COD removal of reactive red dye from aqueous solution via green synthesized iron nanoparticles. Nowadays, green synthesis methods have gained growing attention in nanotechnology owning to their versatile features including high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness use in environmental application. Here, the aqueous extract of Eucalyptus leaf was applied for the preparation of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) which were used as a catalyst in Fenton oxidation of Reactive red Azo dye. The synthesized iron nanoparticle catalyst was characterized to know its functional groups presents, morphology, surface area, and the particle size by FTIR, SEM, XRD, and DLS instruments. The synthesized iron nanoparticles were confirmed by the absorption peak at 357nm with an average size of 61.79nm. The result shows spherical shape and surrounded by a layer of biological compounds and the structure were dominated by amorphous nature. The CCD based on response surface methodology was applied to determine the interactive effects of the process parameters and their optimum conditions. Batch experiments revealed that the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second order rate model whereas adsorption isotherm was best fitted to the Langmuir model (R2=0.999) with qm = 71.94 mg g-1 and the adsorption of RRD on iron nanoparticles is endothermic and spontaneous in the temperature range (298-323K). In Fenton like process the degradation of Azo dye were studied over a wide range of initial dye concentration (25-75mg/l), catalyst load (1-1.6g/l) and the dose of H2O2 (2-6mM/l) constant pH 3, contact time of 120min and room temperature. The maximum dye decolorization and COD removal percentage were 95.4% and 74% respectively, under the dosages of 1 g/l of iron nanoparticle catalyst, 4mM/l of H2O2 and 25mg/l of dye concentration. Nanoparticles can exhibit unique catalytic properties due to their size and surface characteristics, leading to higher reaction rates and heterogeneous Fenton can be applied to treat a wide range of contaminants under various conditions, making it a versatile approach for environmental cleanup. Key words: Azo dye, Fenton oxidation, Hydrogen peroxide, Iron nanoparticle

2024-06-01T00:00:00Z BRUKTI, MEZGEBE http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/16514 2025-03-03T07:04:20Z 2024-11-10T00:00:00Z

BIODESIL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL OVER CALCIUM OXIDE CATALYST DERIVED FROM WASTE EGG SHELL BRUKTI, MEZGEBE Synthesis of FAEE from low-cost source of raw material Waste cooking oil over CaO heterogeneous catalyst derived from waste egg shell was investigated. The prepared catalyst (CaO) was characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterization tests revealed a crystalline phase of CaO, SEM image showed the catalyst morphology and the FTIR show peaks signifying the presence of certain functional groups such as the OH group. Physiochemical properties of the biodiesel obtained were within the ASTM standards for biodiesel. Hence, heterogeneous catalyst obtained from eggshells wastes can be used for transesterification. Various reaction parameters such as catalyst dosage, ethanol to oil molar ratio and reaction temperature was optimized following Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The transesterification process was done at a temperature of 70-80℃, ethanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1 to 15:1 and the catalyst loading of 5-10 wt. %. It was found that the maximum fatty acid ethyl ester yield was 94.5% at 75℃ reaction temperature, 12:1 molar ratio of ethanol to oil and 7.5wt% of catalyst load. The yield of FAEE was characterized by using Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) and Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The presence of ethyl ester groups at the produced biodiesel was confirmed using both the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Engine performance and emission characteristics of the FAEE was tested by using single cylinder desire engine. Key words: Waste cooking oil, egg shell, calcium oxide catalyst, transesterification, engine performance, emission characteristics

2024-11-10T00:00:00Z